Cervical necrotizing fasciitis caused by oral cavity infection: a case report considering therapeutic approach and its morphofunctional implications / Fascitis necrosante cervical causada por infección de la cavidad oral. Reporte de un caso considerando el abordaje terapéutico y sus implicaciones morfofuncionales

SUMMARY: Cervical necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a rare complication of oral cavity infection with high morbi-mortality. Given its low prevalence, adequately reporting cases of NF, its therapeutic management, and associated morphofunctional modifications to the clinical and scientific community is pivotal. To that end, we herein describe a case of cervical NF in a 60-year-old patient with comorbidities and patient presented large, painful cervical swelling associated with a necrotic ulcer lesion in the anterior neck region. Intraoral examination indicated a periodontal abscess in the right mandibular area, while computed tomography indicated the lesion's extension from the right mandibular to the submandibular region. Following empirical intravenous antibiotic treatment, a broad surgical debridement was performed, and the foci of oral infection were removed. Debridement revealed communication between deep and superficial anatomical regions in the submandibular area, where we subsequently placed a Penrose drain. Biopsies showing acute inflammatory infiltrate associated with necrotic and hemorrhagic regions confirmed the diagnosis of NF. When an antibiogram revealed resistance to the empirical treatment, the antibiotic scheme was replaced with an adequate alternative. After a second debridement, we closed the defect with fascio-mucocutaneous advancement flaps with a lateral base while maintaining suction drainage. Having reacted positively, the patient was discharged 10 days after the operation. Despite an extensive morphofunctional change generated in the treated area, the patient showed no difficulties with breathing, phonation, swallowing, or mobilizing the area during control sessions. Altogether, this report contributes to the highly limited literature describing morphological aspects that can facilitate or delay the spread of infection or the morphofunctional disorders associated with the size and depth of surgical interventions for cervical NF, information that is relevant for the comprehensive, long-term prognosis of the treatment of NF.

La fascitis necrosante (FN) cervical es una rara complicación de una infección proveniente de la cavidad bucal asociada a una alta morbimortalidad. Por lo anterior, es fundamental informar a la comunidad clínica y científica los casos de FN, su manejo terapéutico y las modificaciones morfofuncionales asociadas. Se describe un caso de FN cervical en una paciente de 60 años quien presentó una gran tumefacción dolorosa asociada a una lesión ulcerosa necrótica en la región anterior del cuello. El examen intraoral mostró un absceso periodontal en el área mandibular derecha y la tomografía computarizada mostró la extensión de la lesión hacia la región submandibular. Tras el tratamiento antibiótico empírico, se realizó un desbridamiento quirúrgico extenso y se extirparon los focos de infección oral. El desbridamiento reveló comunicación entre las regiones anatómicas profundas y superficiales del área submandibular, donde se colocó un drenaje Penrose. Las biopsias mostraron un infiltrado inflamatorio agudo asociado con regiones necróticas y hemorrágicas, confirmando el diagnóstico de FN. El antibiograma reveló resistencia al tratamiento empírico, por lo que el esquema antibiótico se sustituyó. Tras un segundo desbridamiento, se cerró el defecto con colgajos de avance fascio-mucocutáneos de base lateral manteniendo drenaje aspirativo. El positivo progreso del paciente permitió su alta 10 días después. Aun cuando se generó una gran modificación morfofuncional en el área tratada, la paciente no presentó dificultades para respirar, hablar, deglutir o movilizar el área cervical intervenida durante las sesiones de control. Este informe contribuye a la limitada literatura que describe los aspectos morfológicos que pueden facilitar o retrasar la propagación de la FN y las consecuencias asociadas a los trastornos morfofuncionales provocadas por el tamaño y profundidad de las intervenciones quirúrgicas requeridas por la FN, información relevante para el pronóstico integral a largo plazo del tratamiento de la FN.

Clinical analysis of patients with oral and maxillofacial infections in oral emergency / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the composition, incidence and clinical characteristics of oral and maxillofacial infections in oral emergency.@*METHODS@#A retrospective study on patients with oral and maxillofacial infections who visited the Department of Oral Emergency in Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from January 2017 to December 2019 was conducted. General characteristics, such as disease composition, gender, age distribution and position of involved teeth were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#A total of 8 277 patients with oral and maxillofacial infections were finally collected, including 4 378 male patients (52.9%) and 3 899 female patients (47.1%), with gender ratio of 1.12:1. The common diseases were periodontal abscess (3 826 cases, 46.2%), alveolar abscess (3 537 cases, 42.7%), maxillofacial space infection (740 cases, 9.0%), sialadenitis (108 cases, 1.3%), furuncle & carbuncle (56 cases, 0.7%) and osteomyelitis (10 cases, 0.1%). Male patients were more easily affected by periodontal abscess, space infection and furuncle & carbuncle than female patients with the gender ratios 1.24:1, 1.26:1, 2.50:1 individually, while the incidence of alveolar abscess, sialadenitis, furuncle & carbuncle had no significant gender difference. Different diseases were prone to occur at different ages. The peak ages of alveolar abscess were 5-9 and 27-67 years, while the peak age of periodontal abscess was 30-64 years. Space infection tended to occur between 21-67 years. There were 7 363 patients with oral abscess (3 826 patients with periodontal abscess and 3 537 patients with alveolar abscess), accounting for 88.9% of all the patients with oral and maxillofacial infections, involving 7 999 teeth, including 717 deciduous teeth and 7 282 permanent teeth. Periodontal abscess usually occurred in permanent teeth, especially the molar teeth. Alveolar abscess may occur in both primary teeth and permanent teeth. In primary teeth, the most vulnerable sites were primary molar teeth and maxillary central incisors while in permanent teeth the most vulnerable sites were first molar teeth.@*CONCLUSION@#Understanding the incidence of oral and maxillofacial infection was conducive to the correct diagnosis and effective treatment of clinical diseases, as well as targeted education for patients of different ages and genders to prevent the occurrence of diseases.

Directrices para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de Molares Retenidos / Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of impacted molars

Los terceros molares son piezas dentarias correspondientes a la dentición permanente y se encuentran por detrás de los segundos molares. Erupcionan entre los 18 y 27 años aproximadamente, tienen variedad de formas, anomalías y disposición diversa. Normalmente se encuentran total o parcialmente retenidos en el hueso maxilar. La retención es muy frecuente y afecta aproximadamente al 75% de la población. La causa principal es por la falta de espacio dentro de la boca. La patología derivada de la retención de un tercer molar puede generar diferentes alteraciones: abscesos, sinusitis, reabsorción de las raíces de los dientes adyacentes, caries del molar retenido y/o del segundo molar, úlceras en la mucosa contigua, podrían generar quistes, ameloblastomas y ulceraciones leucoqueratósicas que pueden degenerar en carcinomas, alteraciones nerviosas o vasomotoras: dolores faciales, trismus, y parálisis facial ipsilateral. Las extracciones profilácticas de terceros molares asintomáticos están justificadas cuando los terceros molares se encuentran bajo prótesis removible que puede estimular su erupción, molares semierupcionados que pueden generar pericoronitis, caries o problemas periodontales; pacientes que van a ser sometidos a radioterapia; cuando el diente incluido interfiera en una cirugía ortognática. Si el molar retenido presenta sintomatología por parte del paciente está aconsejada su extracción quirúrgica.

The third molars are dental pieces corresponding to the permanent dentition and are located behind the second molars. They erupt between the ages of 18 and 27 approximately, have a variety of shapes, anomalies, and diverse dispositions. They are normally fully or partially retained in the maxillary bone. Retention is very frequent and affects approximately 75% of the population. The main cause is due to the lack of space inside the mouth. The pathology derived from the retention of a third molar can generate different alterations: abscesses, sinusitis, resorption of the roots of adjacent teeth, caries of the retained molar and/or second molar, ulcers in the contiguous mucosa, could generate cysts, ameloblastomas and leukokeratotic ulcerations that can degenerate into carcinomas, nervous or vasomotor disorders: facial pain, trismus, and ipsilateral facial paralysis. Prophylactic extractions of asymptomatic third molars are justified when the third molars are under removable prosthesis that can stimulate their eruption, semi-erupted molars that can generate pericoronitis, caries or periodontal problems; patients who are going to undergo radiotherapy; when the included tooth interferes with orthognathic surgery. If the retained molar presents symptoms on the part of the patient, its surgical extraction is recommended.

Factores etiológicos de abscesos periodontales: Una patología emergente. Informe de tres casos / Etiological factors of periodontal abscesses: an emerging pathology. A three-case report

Introducción: La presencia de abscesos periodontales es la tercera emergencia dental más frecuente (6%-14%). Objetivo: Reportar información sobre diferentes factores etiológicos de absceso periodontal en tres pacientes. Descripción de casos: Primer caso, mujer de 52 años quien acudió a consulta por sangrado espontáneo, al examen clínico se evidenció sangrado al sondaje (SS), presencia de bolsas periodontales (BP) y cálculos (C); como tratamiento se realizó raspado y alisado radicular (RAR), complementado con detoxificación con tetraciclina y tratamiento farmacológico posoperatorio. Segundo caso, hombre de 27 años quien acudió a consulta por agrandamiento de encía, se observó (SS), y (BP); se retiró la lesión y se realizó (RAR). Tercer caso, hombre de 21 años quien acudió a consulta de control, al examen clínico se evidenció presencia de cálculos en órganos dentarios y bolsas periodontales en órganos dentarios 16-17; se utilizó (RAR) complementado con detoxificación con tetraciclina y tratamiento farmacológico posoperatorio. Conclusión: La etiología del absceso periodontal en el primer y último caso se basó en la falta de profundidad durante el raspado y alisado radicular, y en el segundo estuvo relacionado a impactación de alimentos. El identificar la etiología permite determinar diagnóstico, pronóstico y tratamiento ideal.

Introduction: Periodontal abscesses are the third most frequent dental emergency (6%-14%). Objective: To describe different etiological factors of periodontal abscesses in three patients. Case description: The first case was a 52-year-old woman who sought treatment due to spontaneous bleeding. During the examination, she revealed bleeding on probing (BP), presence of periodontal pockets (PP), and calculi (C). Scaling and root planning (SRP) was performed as treatment, which was complemented with detoxification with tetracycline and postoperative pharmacological treatment. The second case was a 27-year-old man who came to the clinic due to gum enlargement and showed BP and PP. The lesion was treated and SRP was performed. Finally, the third patient was a 21-year-old male who sought a follow-up consultation. The clinical examination showed the presence of dental calculi and periodontal pockets in teeth 16 and 17. SRP complemented with detoxification with tetracycline and postoperative pharmacology were used as treatments. Conclusion: The etiology of the periodontal abscesses in the first and third cases was based on the lack of depth during root scaling and planning. The cause in the second case was effects of food. Identifying this etiology is useful to achieve proper diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of periodontal abscesses.

Oral Health Knowledge, Attitude and Practices among Adolescents in Choma District of Zambia

Introduction:Dentalcariesandperiodontaldiseases are the most common oral diseases globally. Early control of oral health behaviours is importantbecauselifestylesacquiredduringadolescence are powerful predictors of adult health. We conducted a study to determine knowledge, attitude and practices on oral hygiene among school-going adolescents in Choma district of Zambia.Methodology:Across-sectionalstudywasconducted among school-going adolescents in randomly selected schools in Choma District. Atotal of 335 participants were included in the study. Data were collected using a closed-end self-administered questionnaire. The sample size was distributed among the six schools in the ratio of their population. The study included anyone from grades 8-12. Data were analysed using IBM software for SPSS. We employedthe Chi-Squaretesttoinvestigate the association between variables. Ap-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The study had 173 males and 162 females in the age range of 12-19 years. The majority (87.8%) had good knowledge, 69.4% had good attitude and 87.5% had good practice on oral -hygiene. Practice was influenced by sex with females having good oral hygiene as compared to their male counterparts. About 97.2% thought that dental health education is essential in schools. 34% indicated that they had visited the dentist when they experienced a toothache. However, parental advice to regularly visit the dentist was low (n=39).The majority 49.9% (n=167) indicated that they had not visited the dentist due to fear of the dental equipment set up.Conclusion and recommendation: Despite the majority having good knowledge and attitude on oral hygiene, there is a need to acquaint children with milling and dental units found in most dental offices. This may instil confidence in children to seek specialist dental treatment whenever they develop any dental disease. Further,parents need to be incorporated as partners in promoting oral health hygiene among school-going adolescents.

Guía clínica para el tratamiento de lesiones endoperiodontales sin compromiso radicular en pacientes periodontales / Clinical practice guide for the treatment of endoperiodontal lesions without root compromise in periodontal patients

La comunicación patológica entre la pulpa y el pe-riodonto se denomina lesión endoperiodontal. Puede presentarse de forma aguda o crónica, y su mani-festación más común es la presencia de un absceso acompañado de dolor. Es importante realizar una detenida evaluación clínica y radiográfica para esta-blecer un correcto diagnóstico y plan de tratamiento. Por este motivo, el objetivo de esta guía es presentar un protocolo consensuado entre las Cátedras de Pe-riodoncia y Endodoncia de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (FOUBA), para su tratamiento (AU)

The pathological communication between the pulp and the periodontium is called Endoperiodontal Lesion. It can be presented in an acutely or chronically form and its most common manifestation is the presence of an abscess accompanied by pain. It is important to carry out a careful clinical and radiographic evaluation to establish a correct diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment plan. For this reason, the objective of this guide is to present a consensus protocol between Periodontics and Endodontics Departments of the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Buenos Aires (FOUBA) for their treatment (AU)

Frecuencia de Pseudomonas aeruginosa en bolsas periodontales de pacientes con Periodontitis Crónica / Frequency of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in periodontal pockets of patients with Chronic Periodontitis

La periodontitis crónica es una patología caracterizada por la destrucción de los tejidos de soporte del diente. Existe evidencia científica de la presencia en bolsas periodontales de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bacteria que altera la microbiota subgingival. Ha sido asociada al fracaso en el tratamiento de la periodontitis y podría constituir un riesgo para la salud general de los pacientes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la frecuencia de P. aeruginosa en bolsas periodontales de pacientes con periodontitis crónica que acudieron a la cátedra de Periodoncia de la Universidad Autónoma de Asunción. El estudio fue observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, para el mismo fueron seleccionados pacientes con periodontitis crónica que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Las piezas dentariasseleccionadas para la toma de muestras fueron aisladas con rollos de algodón estéril, y una vez removida la placa bacteriana supragingival, se retiró la placa subgingival de las bolsas periodontales por medio de curetas de Gracey y se introdujeron en tubos de ensayo que contenían medio de Stuart, para luego llevar las muestras hasta el laboratorio de microbiología para su análisis. Del total de 14 muestras, solo una dio positivo a P. aeruginosa representando el 7,14%. El microrganismo aislado resultó resistente a los antibióticos utilizados como coadyuvantes en el tratamiento de la periodontitis crónica,al igual que en otros trabajos encontrados en la literatura internacional. La presencia de estas bacterias dificulta el control de la enfermedad periodontal y podría significar un riesgo para desarrollar infecciones oportunistas, especialmente en los pacientes inmunodeprimidos

Chronic periodontitis is a pathology characterized by the destruction of tooth supporting tissues. There is scientific evidence of the presence in periodontal pockets of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a bacterium that alters the subgingival microbiota and that has been associated with failure to treat periodontitis and could constitute a risk to patient general health. The objective of this research was to determine the frequency of P. aeruginosa in periodontal pockets of patients with chronic periodontitis who attend the Chair of Periodontology at the Autonomous University of Asunción. Descriptive, cross-sectional observational study, in which patients with chronic periodontitis who met the inclusion criteria were selected. The pieces selected for sampling were isolated with sterile cotton rolls, and once the supragingival bacterial plaque had been removed, the subgingival plaque was removed from the periodontal pockets by means of Gracey curettes and placed in test tubes containing Stuart medium, then the samples were taken to the microbiology lab for analysis. Of the total of 14 samples, only one was positive for P. aeruginosa, representing 7.14%. The isolated microorganism was resistant to the antibiotics used as adjuvants in the treatment of chronic periodontitis, as in other studies found in the international literature. The presence of these bacteria makes it difficult to control periodontal disease and could pose a risk for developing opportunistic infections, especially in immunosuppressed patients

Characterization of consultations for odontogenic abscesses in a major Chilean hospital

OBJECTIVES: To characterize consultations for odontogenic abscesses at the dental and maxillofacial unit of the public emergency hospital in Santiago, Chile. METHODOLOGY: descriptive study, involving consecutive sampling of patients with diagnosis of odontogenic abscess, conducted between august and september 2016. descriptive statistics were performed to determine the frequency of diagnosis, affected tooth, sex and need for hospitalization. RESULTS: odontogenic abscesses accounted for 6.3 percent (n=414) of a total of 6,535 consultations. males represented 59 percent; 42 percent of odontogenic abscesses presented in molars and maxillary premolars. the vestibular space was the most frequently affected anatomical space (50 percent), associated in 53 percent of the cases to submucosal abscesses. ninety-eight per cent of patients were successfully treated on an outpatient basis, 2 percent required hospitalization, mainly associated to abscesses involving the deep submandibular space. CONCLUSION: odontogenic abscesses account for a low percentage of dental emergencies at the public emergency hospital in Santiago, Chile. most cases receive outpatient treatment.

Uso da pasta de hidróxido de cálcio associada à clorexidina gel a 2% e óxido de zinco, como curativo de demora: relato de caso / Use of calcium hydroxide paste associate with 2% chlorhexidine gel and zinc oxide as dressing: case report

Introdução: a execução do preparo químico-mecânico é incapaz de promover a eliminação de microrganismos aderidos nos canais radiculares, originando, como recurso complementar, a medicação intracanal. Em casos específicos, faz-se necessária a implementação de protocolos que estendam o tratamento em várias sessões, sendo esse um ponto negativo, uma vez que depende da cooperação do paciente, em decorrência dos sucessivos retornos. Desse modo, torna-se importante a disponibilidade de uma associação de medicamentos que possa permanecer dentro do canal radicular por longos períodos, preservando a atividade de cada uma das substâncias empregadas, o que pode ser alcançado pela associação do hidróxido de cálcio à clorexidina gel a 2% e ao óxido de zinco. Relato de caso: após a desobturação do canal radicular do dente #11, com a utilização de brocas Gates-Glidden e limas tipo K associadas a um solvente de guta-percha, foi realizado um curativo de demora, com pasta de hidróxido de cálcio, que permaneceu por um período de 20 dias, sem a remissão dos sintomas. Foi, então, inserida a pasta de hidróxido de cálcio, clorexidina gel a 2% e óxido de zinco na proporção de 2:1:2, permanecendo pelo período de 5 meses sem renovações periódicas, até que se constatasse radiograficamente a regressão da lesão. Conclusão: a associação de medicamentos foi efetiva no controle da infecção, sem a necessidade de renovação periódica do curativo.

Absceso cerebral odontogénico en adolescente / Adolescent odontogenic brain abscess

Introducción: Se define absceso cerebral como una infección focal dentro del parénquima cerebral, su inicio es localizado provocando cerebritis y posteriormente se convierte en una colección de contenido purulento dentro de una cápsula bien vascularizada, es decir, una forma focal y dinámica de supuración intracraneal que constituye una emergencia que compromete la vida. Su diseminación puede ser por vía hematógena desde un foco a distancia, es poco frecuente una causa odontogénica como etiología en el absceso cerebral. Descripción del caso: Se presenta el caso de un adolescente de 13 años de edad con historia de odontología de 15 días de evolución, posteriormente presentó secreción purulenta proveniente del segundo molar inferior de lado izquierdo secundario a caries dental. El día del ingreso hospitalario el paciente presento fiebre, alteración del estado de conciencia con parestesia y paresia contralateral al absceso periodontal. Se realizó tomografía computarizada cerebral, mostró imagen con halo bien delimitado hipodenso en región temporal izquierda, con impresión de absceso cerebral provocando efecto de masa y desplazando la línea media hacia el lado derecho, ipsilateral al absceso periodontal. El estado general del paciente empeoró por lo que se decidió intervenir quirúrgicamente para drenar el absceso cerebral odontogénico. Conclusión: Este caso muestra una complicación grave secundaria al manejo inadecuado de un absceso periodontal, como es el absceso cerebral, comprometiendo la vida del paciente.

Introduction: Brain abscess is a focal infection within the brain parenchyma, begins as localized area of encephalitis and subsequently becomes a collection of purulent content within a well- vascularized capsule, a focal shape and dynamics of intracranial suppuration abscess is defined as cerebral That It constitutes an emergency that jeopardize the life. Its spread can be anything from a focus distance through the blood, is rare odontogenic cause brain abscess. Case report: The case of a 13 years old with a history of toothache with 15 days of evolution, later introduced purulent discharge from the second lower left molar secondary to tooth decay occurs. The day of hospitalization the patient developed fever, altered state of consciousness with paresthesia and contralateral paresis to periodontal abscess, brain CT scan was performed, showed image with well-defined hypodense halo in the left temporal region, impresses brain abscess that could cause effect mass displacing the midline. This ipsilateral lesion to the periodontal abscess. The patient's general condition worsened so decided to perform surgery to drain the odontogenic brain abscess. Conclusion: this case shows a serious complication secondary to improper handling of a periodontal abscess, such as the brain abscess, compromising the patient's life.

Procedimiento de descontaminación del biofilm para el tratamiento del absceso periodontal agudo y la periimplantitis / The biofilm decontamination approach for the treatment of periodontal abscess and peri-implantitis

Objetivo: mostrar el efecto de un nuevo procedimiento de descontaminación del biofilm sobre los abscesos periodontales agudos y la periimplantitis. Casos clínicos: un absceso periodontal agudo y una periimplantitis fueron tratados mediante un material de descontaminación de los tejidos bucales. Este consiste en un concentrado acuoso con una mezcla de ácidos hidroxibencensulfónicos e hidroxymetho-xybencénicos y ácido sulfúrico, que se coloca en las bolsas periodontales y alrededor de los implantes. En ninguno de los casos se utilizaron antibióticos locales ni sistémicos. Todos los casos tratados cicatrizaron rápidamente, sin complicaciones. Los pacientes sintieron una leve molestia durante la aplicación del material, que desapareció completamente en pocos segundos. Conclusión: el procedimiento de desecación del biofilm parecería ser una técnica promisoria para el tratamiento de los abscesos periodontales agudos ylas periimplantitis, con la ventaja adicional de que se evita el uso de antibióticos locales y sistémicos.

Enfermedad periodontal inflamatoria asociada a un absceso pulmonar. Presentación de un caso / Peridental inflammatory Disease associated to lung abscess. Case presentation / Peridental inflammatory Disease associated to lung abscess. Case presentation

Fundamento: A pesar, de que hay reportes de casos en la literatura internacional, que asocian la enfermedad periodontal con enfermedades respiratorias y medidas para la prevención de la enfermedad periodontal inflamatoria, sino se establece un adecuado manejo de esta última, puede evolucionar con una complicación sistémica como es el absceso pulmonar. Objetivo: Ilustrar cómo la enfermedad periodontal inflamatoria puede asociarse a un absceso pulmonar como complicación sistémica en su evolución. Presentación del caso: Se presenta una paciente femenina con antecedentes de absceso periodontal y enfermedad periodontal crónica, los cuales constituyeron las únicas causas demostradas del desarrollo de un absceso pulmonar, tras la aplicación del método clínico. Conclusiones: La enfermedad periodontal inflamatoria puede evolucionar hacia la remisión si se adoptan las medidas protocolizadas para su tratamiento, sin embargo, siempre que esa enfermedad siga su curso natural o no se maneje adecuadamente puede evolucionar a complicaciones sistémicas como lo es el absceso pulmonar.

Background: Although there are in the international literature report of cases, which associate the peridental disease to respiratory diseases and measurements to the prevention of the peridental inflammatory disease, if there is not established an adequate usage of the last one, it can emerge with a systemic complication like lung abscess. Objective: To show how the peridental inflammatory disease can be associated to a lung abscess like a systemic complication in its evolution Case Presentation: A female patience is presented with antecedents of peridental abscess and chronic peridental disease, which were the unique causes demonstrated in the development of a lung abscess, after the application of the clinic method Conclusions: The peridental inflammatory disease can emerge towards the remission if some protocolic precautions are adopted for its treatment; nevertheless whenever the disease follows its natural course or it is not properly managed it can emerge to systemic complications like, it is the lung abscess.

Odontogenic fascial space infections in pregnancy - a study

Odontogenic infections are the most prevalent disease worldwide. These infections presenting initially as, localized periapical and periodontal abscess then perforate the cortical bone and spread causing facial cellulitis. Odontogenic infections spread along tissue planes involving initially primary and then secondary facial spaces depending upon the tooth involved and muscle attachments. Infections are common in pregnancy due to hormonal changes and altered immunological activity aggravating response to plaque accumulation and caries resulting in serious life threatening condition, like ludwigs angina. The present study carried out on 28 pregnant patients with severe odontogenic infections reporting to oral and maxillofacial unit of Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhthunkhawa province of Pakistan. The age range was from 17 to 40 years and mean age of 24.78 SD +/- 5.043. Odontogenic infections were most common in the last trimester [50%] followed by late second trimester [28.5%]. The most common tooth involved is mandibular wisdom tooth [53.5%] and submandibular space [28%] being the most frequently involved. Patients presented with trismus, facial swelling and dysphagia on examination. Most patients were treated with incision and drainage under local or general anaesthesia depending upon the fitness of the patient and extraction of the offending tooth and intravenous antibiotic coverage

Uso de azitromicina no tratamento de abscesso periodontal em paciente diabético descompensado / The use of azithromycin in the treatment of periodontal abscess in a poorly controlled diabetic patient. Case report

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar um caso clínico de uma paciente diabética descompensada portadora de abscesso periodontal. O tratamento foi realizado por meio de drenagem, raspagem subgengival, irrigação com iodo-povidine e prescrição de azitromicina por três dias. O exame clínico e radiográfico após seis meses demonstrou remissão do quadro clínico e estabilidade dos tecidos periodontais. Desta forma, a azitromicina associada ao tratamento local foi efetiva no tratamento de abscesso periodontal em paciente diabético descompensado.

Avaliação do conhecimento de cirurgiões-dentistas de Ipiaú/BA sobre abscesso periodontal / Evaluating the knowledge of dental surgeons about periodontal abscess in the city of Ipiaú/BA

Objetivo: avaliar o conhecimento de cirurgiões-dentistas de Ipiaú/BA sobre abscesso periodontal. Métodos: 41 cirurgiões-dentistas da cidade de Ipiaú/BA, representando 85% dos profissionais atuantes na localidade, responderam um questionário sobre abscesso periodontal. Resultados: a maioria dos profissionais é composta por clínicos gerais e possui menos de cinco anos de atuação; 83% dos profissionais atenderam pacientes com abscesso periodontal e, entre estes, 76% realizaram o tratamento; 73% dos que realizaram o tratamento não sabiam qual era a etiologia do abscesso periodontal, embora 76% soubessem as características clínicas assim como as formas de tratamento. Ainda entre os 26 profissionais que trataram os pacientes com abscesso, 20 (76,9%) utilizaram alguma terapia medicamentosa e 19 (95%) incluíram antibióticos na sua prescrição. Dos profissionais que prescreveram antibióticos, 90% relataram que o fármaco deveria ser utilizado em todo tipo de abscesso periodontal, mesmo quando não há envolvimento sistêmico. Conclusão: a maioria dos profissionais entrevistados não sabe as causas do abscesso periodontal, apesar da maioria saber as características clínicas e as formas de tratamento. A quase totalidade dos profissionais prescreveu antibiótico e considera que tal conduta farmacoterápica deve ser empregada em todos os casos de abscesso.

Efeito do tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico na atividade da peroxidase na saliva da glândula parótida e no fluído gengival / Effect of non Surgical Periodontal Therapy on Peroxidase Activity in Parotid Saliva and Gingival Crevicular Fluid

Dois importantes fatores inter-relacionados estão envolvidos na patogênese da doença periodontal: ativação do sistema imune e produção de peroxidases. Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar os níveis da atividade do sistema peroxidase presentes no fluido gengival (MPO/FG) e saliva da parótida (POS) em pacientes portadores de periodontite crônica em relação a pacientes periodontalmente saudáveis e avaliar o efeito do tratamento periodontal não cirúrgico nestes indivíduos nestes parâmetros enzimáticos. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram coletados dados dos parâmetros clínicos periodontais e amostras de FG e saliva da glândula parótida de 17 pacientes clinicamente saudáveis (GC) e de 17 pacientes portadores de periodontite crônica generalizada (GP) antes e depois do tratamento periodontal pareados em idade e sexo. As atividades de MPO/FG e POS Parótida foram avaliadas por espectofotometria. RESULTADOS: O GP apresentou valores maiores nos parâmetros clínicos periodontais em relação ao GC, sendo que os mesmos foram reduzidos após tratamento periodontal. Além disso, o GP apresentou valores mais elevados de atividade de MPO no FG (p=0,04) do que o GC. Após tratamento periodontal os níveis de MPO/FG (p<0,001) e POS parótida (p=0,013) foram reduzidos significativamente. No GP houve correlação negativa e significativa entre POS da parótida e MPO no FG (r=-0,59, p=0,02). CONCLUSÕES: Na doença periodontal, as atividades de MPO no FG são maiores quando comparados ao grupo controle, e tanto de MPO/FG e POS parótida são reduzidas após tratamento periodontal.

Two important and interrelated factors are involved in the pathophysiology of periodontal diseases: the activation of immune system and the production of peroxidases. The objectives of this study were to examine the peroxidase activities present in Gingival Crevicular Fluid (MPO/GCF) and in Parotid Saliva (POS) in patients with generalized chronic periodontitis with healthy controls and to compare the effects of periodontal therapy on enzyme activities. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Periodontal clinical measurements, parotid saliva and GCF samples were obtained of 17 age-matched healthy controls (PC) and 17 patients with chronic periodontal disease (PD) before treatment and after periodontal treatment. The MPO/GCF and POS parotid activities were determined spectrophotometrically. RESULTS: In PD group, clinical parameters, MPO/GCF (p=0,04) activities presented higher values than controls. After periodontal treatment levels of MPO/GCF (p<0.001) and POS parotid (p=0,013) were significantly reduced. In PD there was significant negative correlation between POS and MPO in the parotid FG (r =-0,59, p=0,02). CONCLUSIONS: In periodontal disease MPO/GCF presented higher levels than controls and MPO/GCF and POS parotid are reduced after treatment.

Distribution of anaerobes in periodontal abscess and its resistance to antibiotics / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To isolate and culture the predominant anaerobes from the periodontal abscesses, and to test the antibiotic susceptibility and drug resistant genes of the strains.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The isolated strains were identified by both API20A biochemical method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by agar dilution method. The resistant genes of the drug-resistant strains obtained were screened by PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The anaerobes were detected in 48% (28/58) of the samples and Prevotella melaninogenica (Pm) was mostly identified in 43% (12/28). API20A biochemical method had 82% (23/28) agreement with the 16SrRNA method in identification rate. Anaerobes were resistant to metronidazole, clindamycin and cefmetazole. The erythromycin-resistant methylase genes F (ermF) gene was detected in three of eight clindamycin resistant strains. None of them was found coded on bacterial plasmids. However, no metronidazole resistant gene was detected on drug resistant strains.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Pm was the predominant species dectected in the periodontal abscess of the patients. The antibiotic agents should be used based on the genotypes and general condition of the patients.</p>

Hopeless to hopeful: a clinical study on management of periodontal abscess with grade II furcation involvement - endodontic and periodontal interdisciplinary approach: case report / Da condenação à esperança: estudo clínico sobre o manejo do abscesso periodontal com envolvimento de furca grau II - abordagem interdisciplinar endodôntica e periodontal: relato de caso

OBJECTIVES: To present a case report of management of grade II furcation involvement associatedwith a periodontal abscess of mandibular right first molar utilizing an alloplastic bone graft. DISCUSSION:The case was diagnosed as periodontal abscess with grade-II furcation involvement and was primaryperiodontal lesion with secondary endodontic involvement. Treatment included scaling, root planing &curettage and root canal treatment of the involved tooth. Periodontal flap surgery was done with bonegraft placement in the furcation area. RESULTS: Patient was evaluated after onear. Radiographicexamination showed healing of furcation defect as well as resolution of periapical inflammation. Clinicalevaluation revealed resolution of furcation involvement as well as reduction of tooth mobility.

OBJETIVOS: Apresentar um caso de comprometimento grau II de furca, lesão primariamenteperiodontal com comprometimento endodôntico secundário, em primeiro molar inferior. Otratamento constituiu de alisamento radicular, curetagem e tratamento endodôntico do dentecomprometido. Cirurgia de retalho periodontal foi efetuada, com colocação de enxerto ósseo na área da furca. RESULTADOS: o paciente foi avaliado após um ano, sendo que a imagemradiográfica demonstrou cicatrização do defeito da furca, bem como resolução da inflamaçãoperiapical. A avaliação clínica demonstrou resolução da lesão da furca, bem como reduçãoda mobilidade dentária.

Abscesos periodontales: una revisión actualizada / Periodontal abscess an updating review

Los abscesos de origen odontógeno incluyen un amplio grupo de lesiones infecciosas que se originan de la pulpa dentaria y de los tejidos periodontales y raras veces en coalescencia, los abscesos más frecuentes provienen de la pulpa dentaria. Los abscesos periodontales están asociados con una variedad de signos y síntomas que incluyen una inflamación purulenta localizada de los tejidos periodontales. Investigaciones recientes muestran aparente uniformidad en los procedimientos terapéuticos El objetivo del presente artículo es evaluar y comparar la evidencia científica más importante acerca de las consideraciones diagnósticas y terapéuticas de los abscesos periodontales.

Odontogenic abscesses are a great group of infectious lesions, which be originated from the dental pulp and periodontal tissues and rarely in a coalescent way, the abscesses most frequently are those the dental pulp. Periodontal abscesses are associated with a variety of signs and symptoms including localized purulent inflammation of periodontal tissues. Recent research shows apparent uniformity in therapeutic procedures. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate and compare the most important scientificevidence about the diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in periodontal abscesses.

Processo agudo periodontal associado a dispositivo ortodôntico / Periodontal acute process associated to orthodontic device. Case report

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso clínico de processo agudo periodontal associado a dispositivo ortodôntico, no qual o tratamento adequado favoreceu o restabelecimento das condições do periodonto a um estado de saúde e higidez